The state is situated between Arabian Sea to the west and Western Ghats mountain ranges to the east. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew and spices are important. The production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. The state has witnessed significant emigration, especially to the Arab states of the Persian Gulf during the Gulf Boom of the 1970s and early 1980s, and its economy depends significantly on remittances from a large Malayali expatriate community. The tertiary sector contributes around 65% to state's GSVA, while the primary sector contributes only 8%. The economy of Kerala is the 8th-largest in India with ₹8.55 trillion (US$110 billion) in gross state domestic product (GSDP) and a per capita net state domestic product of ₹222,000 (US$2,900). The culture is a synthesis of Aryan, Dravidian, Arab, and European cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India and abroad.
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Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English and Malayalam. The state topped in the country to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals according to the annual report of NITI Aayog published in 2019. Kerala is the second-most urbanised major state in the country with 47.7% urban population according to the 2011 Census of India. Kerala is the second-least impoverished state in India according to the Annual Report of Reserve Bank of India published in 2013. Kerala has the lowest positive population growth rate in India, 3.44% the highest Human Development Index (HDI), 0.784 in 2018 (0.712 in 2015) the highest literacy rate, 96.2% in the 2018 literacy survey conducted by the National Statistical Office, India the highest life expectancy, 77 years and the highest sex ratio, 1,084 women per 1,000 men. After the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, the modern-day state of Kerala was formed by merging the Malabar district of Madras State (excluding Gudalur taluk of Nilgiris district, Lakshadweep Islands, Topslip, the Attappadi Forest east of Anakatti), the taluk of Kasaragod (now Kasaragod District) in South Canara ( Tulunad), and the erstwhile state of Thiru-Kochi (excluding four southern taluks of Kanyakumari district, and Shenkottai taluks). The Malabar region, in the northern part of Kerala, had been a part of the Madras province of British India, which later became a part of the Madras State post-independence.
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They united to form the state of Thiru-Kochi in 1949. At the time of Indian independence movement in the early 20th century, there were two major princely states in Kerala: Travancore and Cochin. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, and paved the way for European colonisation of India. The region's prominence in trade was noted in the works of Pliny as well as the Periplus around 100 CE. The region had been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE. The Ay kingdom in the deep south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north formed the other kingdoms in the early years of the Common Era (CE). The Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala. Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. It is divided into 14 districts with the capital being Thiruvananthapuram. With 33 million inhabitants as per the 2011 census, Kerala is the thirteenth-largest Indian state by population. It is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. Spread over 38,863 km 2 (15,005 sq mi), Kerala is the twenty-first largest Indian state by area. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South Canara, and Travancore. Kerala ( English: / ˈ k ɛr ə l ə/ KERR-ə-lə Malayalam: ( listen)) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India.